2022-01-29 14:28:48
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光伏电站发电效率一直是投资者所关心的话题,然而并不是所有的光伏电站的发电效率都是一样的,除了跟太阳能辐射量情况、光伏电池组件的倾斜角度等因素有关之外,影响发电效率的因素还有哪些呢?让文利新能源带大家一起来了解吧。
一、太阳能辐射量情况
光伏电池组件转换效率一定的情况下,光伏系统的发电量由太阳辐射强度决定。通常情况下光伏系统对太阳辐射的利用效率只有10%左右。所以要考虑到太阳能辐射强度、光谱特性,以及气候情况。
二、光伏电池组件的倾斜角度
光伏组件的方位角一般选择正南方向,以使光伏电站单位容量的发电量大。只要在正南±20°之内,都不会对发电量有太大的影响,条件允许的话,应尽可能偏西南20°。
三、光伏组件效率和品质
计算公式:理论发电量=年平均太阳辐射总量*电池总面积*光电转化效率,这里面有两个因素电池面积和光电转化效率,转化效率对电站的发电量影响是直接的。
四、组件匹配损失
凡是串联就会由于组件电流差异造成电流损失,凡是并联就会由于组件的电压差异造成电压损失。损失可能达到8%以上。要想降低匹配损失耗损,以提高电站发电量,要注意以下几个方面:1、减少匹配损失,尽量采用电流一致的组件串联;2、组件的衰减尽可能保持一致;3、隔离二极管。
五、温度(通风)
有数据表明,温度上升1℃,晶体硅光伏组件组大输出功率下降0.04%。所以要避免温度对发电量的影响,保持组建良好通风条件。
六、灰尘的损失不容小视
晶硅组件的面板为钢化玻璃,长期裸露空中,自然会有有机物和大量灰尘堆积。表面落灰遮挡光线,会降低组件输出效率,直接影响发电量。同时还可能造成组件的“热斑”效应,导致组件损坏。
七、阴影、积雪遮挡
在电站选址过程中,一定要注意对光线的遮蔽物。避开可能产生光线遮蔽的区域。根据电路原理,组件串联时,电流是由少的一块决定的,因此如果有一块有阴影,就会影响这一路组件的发电功率。同样,冬天的积雪要及时清除。
八、输出功率跟踪(MPPT)
MPPT效率是决定光伏逆变器发电量的关键因素,其重要性远超过光伏逆变器本身的效率。MPPT效率等于硬件效率乘以软件效率。硬件效率主要由电流传感器的精度,采样电路的精度来决定;软件效率由采样频率决定。MPPT实现的方法有很多种,但是不管用哪种方法,首先要测量组件功率变化,再对变化做出反应。这其中的关键元器件就是电流传感器,它的精度和线性误差将直接决定硬性效率,而软件的采样频率也是由硬件的精度来决定。
九、减少线路损失
在光伏系统中,线缆占很少一部分,但是线缆对发电量的影响也不容忽视的,建议系统直流、交流回路的线损控制在5%以内。系统中的线缆要做好,电缆的绝缘性能、电缆的耐热阻燃性能、电缆的防潮防光性能、电缆芯的类型、电缆的大小规格。
十、逆变器的效率
光伏逆变器是光伏系统的主要部件和重要组成成份,为了保证电站的正常运行,对逆变器的正确配置选型显得尤为重要。逆变器的配置除了要根据整个光伏发电系统的各项技术指标并参考生产厂家提供的产品样本手册外,一般要考虑下列几项技术指标:1、额定输出功率 2、输出电压的调整性能 3、整机效率 4、启动性能。
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